Results show that the choice of the oxygen carriers largely influences the behavior of the ash elements. The fate of ash elements is studied for CLC of three biomass and waste-derived solid fuels under relevant CLC conditions: 950 ☌ in the fuel reactor and 1050 ☌ in the air reactor. Due to a lack of thermodynamic data in the literature, thermodynamic properties for four compounds, K 0.85Fe 0.85Ti 0.15O 2, K 0.4Fe 0.4Ti 0.6O 2, KTi 8O 16, and KTi 8O 16.5, were obtained from first-principles calculations. A detailed and comprehensive comparison with available literature data from experimental investigations was performed, and compounds not available in the databases were identified. Multiphase, multicomponent equilibrium calculations were performed using databases from FACT and a user-defined database, with a specific focus on alkali (K and Na) and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Pb). In this paper, the fate of common ash elements will be investigated thermodynamically in a system utilizing iron-based oxygen carriers: ilmenite and iron oxide.
However, biomass and waste-derived fuels can contain significant fractions of aggressive ash precursors, which can affect the operability and functionality of oxygen carriers.
CLC of biomass in combination with CCS results in efficient removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, i.e., negative emissions. Chemical looping combustion (CLC) enables efficient combustion of hydrocarbon fuels while also producing a gas stream with high CO 2 concentrations, suitable for carbon capture and storage (CCS).
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